also known as coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, and colloquially heart bypass or bypass surgery is a surgical procedure performed to relieve angina and reduce the risk of death from coronary artery disease. Arteries or veins from elsewhere in the patient's body are grafted to the coronary arteries to bypass atherosclerotic narrowings and improve the blood supply to the coronary circulation supplying the myocardium (heart muscle).

is most often for the treatment of stenosis (narrowed heart valves) or regurgitation (improperly closing heart valves that allow blood to leak back in the wrong direction). The majority of heart valve operations involve repair or replacement of mitral or aortic valves. Repair and replacement are also done for pulmonary valves and tricuspid valves.

is a repair or replacement of a weak area of the abdominal aorta that expands or bulges. The abdominal aorta is the largest artery in your body that carries blood from your heart down though your chest and abdomen. The most common surgical procedure involves the replacement of the weakened part of the aorta with a tube-like replacement called an aortic graft.